引言 Introduction
轮胎是车辆核心行走部件，规范的检查、保养、维修与升级，能够有效延长轮胎使用寿命、降低油耗、保障行车安全，也是轮胎外贸售后、客户技术服务的必备专业知识。本文全面讲解车轮检查、轮胎拆装、胎压维护、氮气充气、动平衡、四轮定位、轮胎升级、旧胎修补与翻新等全套保养知识，采用中文在前、英文在后对照形式，适合外贸学习与行业培训使用。
The tyre is the core travelling component of a vehicle. Standard inspection, maintenance, repair and upgrading can effectively extend tyre service life, reduce fuel consumption and ensure driving safety. It is also essential professional knowledge for tyre foreign trade after-sales and customer technical services. This article comprehensively introduces full set of maintenance knowledge, including wheel inspection, tyre mounting & demounting, tyre pressure maintenance, nitrogen inflation, dynamic balancing, four-wheel alignment, tyre upgrading, old tyre repair and retreading. With Chinese first and English behind, it is suitable for foreign trade study and industry training.
一、车轮检查与保养 Wheel Inspection and Maintenance
车轮的检查与维护是确保行车安全的重要环节，合理定期检测可及时发现隐患，规避行驶风险。
Wheel inspection and maintenance are key links to ensure driving safety. Reasonable and regular inspection can discover hidden dangers in a timely manner and avoid driving risks.
1. 轮圈检查 Rim Inspection
轮圈容易因路面撞击、剐蹭而发生变形或破损，需定期检查表面有无磕碰、裂纹、损伤，确认平衡块完整无脱落、轮圈无扭曲变形。一旦发现轮圈严重变形、开裂，必须及时更换全新轮圈，杜绝安全隐患。
Rims are easily deformed or damaged by road impact and scratch. It is necessary to regularly check for bumps, cracks and damage on the surface, confirm that balance weights are intact and no falling off, and the rim is free from distortion. If the rim is seriously deformed or cracked, it must be replaced in time to eliminate potential safety risks.
2. 轮胎检查 Tyre Inspection
（1）胎压检查 Tyre Pressure Inspection
轮胎标准气压值通常标注在油箱盖内侧、车门框内侧、行李箱内侧或车辆使用手册上。日常严禁仅凭肉眼判断胎压，需使用专业气压表定期测量。
The standard tyre pressure value is usually marked on the inner side of the fuel tank cap, door frame, luggage compartment or vehicle owner's manual. It is forbidden to judge tyre pressure only by naked eyes in daily use; a professional pressure gauge shall be adopted for regular measurement.
即使轮胎外观无瘪陷，内部气压也可能出现大幅衰减。建议每月至少检测一次全部轮胎气压，同时包含备胎；备胎气压需适当调高，补偿长期静置造成的气压损耗。正常环境下，轮胎每月自然压降约 0.07MPa，且气压会随环境温度变化产生波动。
Even if the tyre looks normal without deflation, the internal air pressure may drop greatly. It is recommended to check the pressure of all tyres including the spare tyre at least once a month. The pressure of the spare tyre shall be properly increased to make up for air loss caused by long-term static placement. Under normal conditions, the natural air pressure drop of a tyre is about 0.07MPa per month, and the pressure will change with ambient temperature.
胎压测量必须在轮胎冷态下完成。检测完成后，可使用肥皂水涂抹气门嘴，观察是否产生气泡，判断气门嘴是否缓慢漏气。若存在漏气，及时拧紧气门芯或更换气门嘴，安装防尘帽做好防护。
Tyre pressure measurement must be carried out when the tyres are in cold condition. After inspection, apply soapy water to the valve stem to check air leakage by observing bubbles. If air leakage occurs, tighten or replace the valve core in time and install a dust cap for protection.
（2）轮胎表面检查 Tyre Surface Inspection
定期检查胎面是否被铁钉、铁屑、玻璃、碎石等硬物刺穿，排查割伤、鼓包、开裂、老化等外观损伤，及时清理异物，避免慢性漏气与结构损坏。
Regularly check whether the tread is pierced by hard objects such as nails, iron scraps, glass and stones, inspect external damage including cuts, bulges, cracks and aging, and remove foreign matters timely to prevent slow air leakage and structural damage.
使用花纹深度规测量胎纹深度，轮胎合法安全行驶的花纹极限深度为 1.6mm。花纹过浅会大幅削弱抓地力、制动力与排水性能，雨天极易引发打滑事故。
Use a tread depth gauge to measure tread depth. The legal minimum tread depth for safe driving is 1.6mm. Too shallow tread will greatly reduce grip, braking performance and water drainage capacity, and easily cause skidding in rainy days.
定期查看轮胎磨损状态，轮胎侧面每间隔 60° 设有 "A" 型磨损标记，全车共 6 处，对应胎冠磨损极限标识，可直观判断轮胎是否达到更换标准。
Check tyre wear regularly. There are 6 "A" wear marks on the tyre sidewall at intervals of 60°, corresponding to the tread wear limit indicators, which can directly judge whether the tyre needs to be replaced.
二、轮胎保养与拆装安装 Tyre Maintenance & Mounting
1. 轮胎美容养护 Tyre Cosmetology & Maintenance
轮胎养护与美化可延缓橡胶老化，提升整车外观质感。常用轮胎光亮剂分为喷雾型与液体型，优质养护剂可渗透橡胶表层，去除污渍，防止轮胎硬化开裂，长效恢复胎面黑亮质感，液体型养护效果优于喷雾型。
Tyre maintenance and beautification can delay rubber aging and improve vehicle appearance. Common tyre brighteners are divided into spray type and liquid type. High-quality maintenance agents can penetrate the rubber surface, remove stains, prevent hardening and cracking, and restore long-term black and bright appearance. Liquid products perform better than spray ones.
日常保养只需清理胎纹内夹杂石子、泥沙等异物，无需水洗；摇匀轮胎增黑养护剂，均匀喷涂于胎面，静置 3–5 分钟自然风干，即可实现防老化、增黑亮、抗腐蚀的养护效果。
Daily maintenance only needs to clean foreign matters such as stones and sediment in the tread without water washing. Shake the tyre blackening agent evenly, spray it on the tyre surface, and let it air dry for 3 to 5 minutes to achieve anti-aging, brightening and anti-corrosion effects.
2. 轮胎拆卸步骤 Tyre Demounting Steps
车辆平稳停放，拉紧手刹，确保车身固定；
Park the vehicle steadily and pull the handbrake firmly;取下轮毂装饰盖，露出轮毂固定螺丝；
Remove the hub cover to expose the fixing bolts;按对角线顺序预松轮毂螺丝，无需完全拆卸；
Loosen the hub bolts diagonally without complete removal;使用千斤顶举升车辆至轮胎悬空；
Lift the vehicle with a jack until the tyre is off the ground;完全卸下螺丝，取下旧轮胎。
Remove all bolts and take off the tyre.
3. 轮胎安装步骤 Tyre Mounting Steps
车辆举升状态下，预装轮胎，对角线顺序手动预紧螺丝，保证轮胎贴合轮辋；
Pre-assemble the tyre when the vehicle is lifted, and fasten the bolts manually in diagonal order;缓慢降下千斤顶，使轮胎完全着地受力；
Lower the jack slowly to make the tyre fully contact the ground;使用扭矩扳手，按照厂家标准扭矩（常规 100～120N·m），对角线分次紧固螺丝；
Fasten the bolts diagonally in several times with a torque wrench according to standard torque (100–120N·m);安装轮毂装饰盖，完成装配。
Install the hub cover to complete installation.
三、定期车轮换位 Regular Wheel Rotation
车辆前后桥承载负荷不同，长期行驶会导致四条轮胎磨损不均匀。定期车轮换位可均衡磨损、延长轮胎使用寿命、保持车辆操控稳定性。
The front and rear axles bear different loads, which will cause uneven wear of four tyres after long-term driving. Regular wheel rotation can balance wear, extend tyre life and maintain driving stability.
新车行驶 5000 公里：同侧前后轮胎互换；
After 5,000 km driving: Exchange front and rear tyres on the same side;行驶 10000 公里：交叉换位，左前↔右后、右前↔左后；
After 10,000 km driving: Cross rotation, front left ↔ rear right, front right ↔ rear left;同规格备胎可纳入换位周期，进一步均衡磨损；
Spare tyres with the same specification can be added to the rotation plan;子午线轮胎、雪地胎、镶钉轮胎换位前需标记行驶方向，保证同向安装；
Mark the running direction for radial tyres, snow tyres and studded tyres before rotation for correct installation;换位完成后，统一校准四条轮胎胎压，复检轮毂螺丝扭矩。
Adjust all tyre pressure and recheck bolt torque after rotation.
四、轮胎充气（充氮气）Tyre Inflation (Nitrogen Charging)
标准胎压是轮胎性能与安全的核心保障，建议每月冷态检测胎压，严格参照车企原厂推荐数值。
Standard tyre pressure is the core guarantee of tyre performance and safety. It is recommended to check cold tyre pressure monthly and follow the manufacturer's standard data.
胎压过低会造成胎肩过度磨损、滚动阻力增大、行驶生热严重，加速轮胎老化损坏，降低行车安全性；胎压过高会导致胎冠中心异常磨损、抓地力下降、减震舒适性变差，路面冲击易引发胎体损伤。
Under-inflation causes excessive shoulder wear, increased rolling resistance, serious heat generation, accelerated ageing and reduced safety. Over-inflation leads to central tread wear, poor grip, weak shock absorption, and easy carcass damage from road impact.
相较于普通空气，轮胎充氮气具备多重优势：氮气为干燥惰性气体，无水分、不氧化腐蚀轮辋与轮胎帘布层；气体渗透率低，胎压长期稳定，减少慢漏气与爆胎风险；稳定胎压可降低滚动阻力，节约油耗、减少磨损；同时有效过滤震动，提升行驶平稳性。
Compared with ordinary air, nitrogen inflation has multiple advantages. As a dry inert gas, nitrogen will not cause oxidation and corrosion to rims and tyre cords. With low permeability, it maintains stable tyre pressure for a long time and reduce blowout risks. Stable pressure reduces rolling resistance, saves fuel consumption and tyre wear, and improves driving comfort by reducing vibration and noise.
五、轮胎动平衡 Tyre Dynamic Balancing
车轮动平衡是指轮胎旋转时各方向离心力的平衡状态，是衡量车轮质量的重要指标。平衡不良会引发高速抖动、方向盘震动、异常磨损，严重时诱发行驶安全事故。
Wheel dynamic balancing refers to the balance of centrifugal force in all directions during rotation, which is an important index of wheel quality. Poor balance will cause high-speed jitter, steering wheel vibration and abnormal wear, and lead to safety accidents in severe cases.
1. 车轮不平衡的危害 Hazards of Unbalanced Wheels
高速行驶时车轮上下跳动、横向摆动，削弱操控精度与乘坐舒适性；加剧制动系统、悬挂、轴承磨损；加大轮胎噪音与异常磨损，缩短整车配件使用寿命。
Unbalanced wheels cause vertical and lateral swing at high speed, reduce handling accuracy and comfort, accelerate wear of brakes, suspension and bearings, increase tyre noise and abnormal wear, and shorten service life of vehicle parts.
2. 不平衡主要原因 Main Causes of Wheel Imbalance
轮胎制造材质分布不均、补胎翻新、磨损差异；轮辋与制动鼓变形；轮毂加工精度不足、安装偏差；长期使用造成的轻微形变与杂质附着。
Uneven material distribution, tyre repair & retreading, uneven wear; deformation of rims and brake drums; poor processing accuracy and installation deviation; slight deformation and foreign matter adhesion after long-term use.
3. 必须做动平衡的场景 Necessary Scenarios for Dynamic Balancing
更换新胎、补胎维修、轮辋磕碰变形、平衡块脱落、高速方向盘抖动、车辆长途大修后，均需及时做动平衡校正。
Dynamic balancing is required after new tyre replacement, tyre repair, rim deformation, balance weight falling off, high-speed steering wheel vibration and vehicle maintenance.
4. 静态平衡与动态平衡 Static Balance & Dynamic Balance
静态平衡：校正轮胎径向不平衡，单面配重修正，又称单面平衡；
Static balance: Correct radial imbalance with single-side weighting;动态平衡：兼顾径向与横向力矩不平衡，需轮胎双面配重校正，为现代车轮主流平衡方式。
Dynamic balance: Correct radial and lateral moment imbalance with double-side weighting, which is the mainstream technology for modern wheels.
5. 动平衡操作流程 Dynamic Balancing Operation Steps
清理胎纹石子、旧平衡块、表面杂物，将车轮固定于平衡机主轴；输入轮辋宽度、直径等参数，关闭防护盖启动设备；设备自动旋转检测不平衡数值与点位；分别在轮辋左右两侧加装对应配重铅块；二次复测，确认不平衡值达标即为完成。
Clean tread stones, old balance weights and sundries, fix the wheel on the balancing machine; input rim data, close the protective cover and start testing; the machine automatically detects imbalance data; install counterweights on left and right sides of the rim; retest to confirm qualified balance.
六、四轮定位 Four-Wheel Alignment
四轮定位是通过专业设备精准调整车轮倾角、前束等角度参数，使车轮与地面、悬挂系统保持标准几何角度，提升行驶稳定性、优化操控、减少异常磨损。现代车辆需同时校准前后车轮，实现全车轮精准定位。
Four-wheel alignment is to accurately adjust wheel angle parameters such as camber and toe via professional equipment, so as to maintain standard geometric angles between wheels, ground and suspension, improve stability, handling and reduce abnormal wear. Modern vehicles require calibration of both front and rear wheels.
1. 四轮定位核心作用 Core Functions
解决车辆跑偏、方向盘不正、行驶抖动、轮胎快速异常磨损等问题；提升转向精准度、直线行驶能力与转向回正性能；降低油耗、减少悬挂配件损耗，延长轮胎与整车使用寿命。
It solves vehicle drifting, irregular steering wheel position, driving jitter and rapid tyre wear; improves steering accuracy, straight-line driving performance and steering reset ability; reduces fuel consumption and suspension loss.
2. 四轮定位检测时机 Inspection Cycle
每行驶 10000 公里或 6 个月、底盘碰撞维修、更换悬挂转向配件、直行跑偏、方向盘抖动、新胎安装、新车磨合期结束后，均需及时检测四轮定位。
Four-wheel alignment inspection is needed every 10,000 km or 6 months, after chassis collision repair, suspension parts replacement, vehicle drifting, steering vibration, new tyre installation and new vehicle running-in period.
七、轮胎改型升级 Tyre Upgrade & Modification
轮胎升级是在保持轮胎总外径误差合规的前提下，调整轮胎宽度、扁平比、轮辋尺寸，优化车辆外观、操控与制动性能。合理升级可提升行驶平稳性与抓地力，过度改装则会引发干涉、磨损、里程不准等隐患。
Tyre upgrade refers to adjusting tyre width, aspect ratio and rim size on the premise of keeping the overall outer diameter within a standard error, to improve vehicle appearance, handling and braking performance. Reasonable upgrading enhances stability and grip, while excessive modification will cause interference, abnormal wear and odometer error.
1. 升级合规要求 Compliance Requirements
轮胎总外径误差：不大于原厂 1.5%、不低于原厂 2%；
The overall outer diameter error shall not exceed ±1.5%;不得与挡泥板、底盘、悬挂、转向拉杆发生剐蹭干涉；
No friction with fenders, chassis, suspension and steering parts;升级轮胎负荷指数不得低于原厂标准，保障承载安全；
The load index of upgraded tyres shall not be lower than the original standard;严格遵守当地交通法规，禁止轮胎超出车身轮廓。
Comply with local traffic regulations to prevent tyres from protruding out of the vehicle body.
2. 低扁平比轮胎优缺点 Advantages & Disadvantages of Low Aspect Ratio Tyres
优点： 接地面积大、抓地力强、转向稳定、散热性能好、高速耐久、制动距离短；
Advantages: Large contact area, strong grip, stable steering, good heat dissipation, high-speed durability and short braking distance;
缺点： 胎壁薄、缓冲减震弱、舒适性下降、烂路易损伤、油耗与噪音略微增加、采购成本更高。
Disadvantages: Thin sidewall, weak shock absorption, poor comfort, easy damage on rough roads, slightly higher fuel consumption, noise and cost.
八、旧胎修补与翻新 Old Tyre Repair & Retreading
1. 轮胎修补 Tyre Repair
轮胎出现钉眼、小洞、局部划伤等轻微损伤，且胎纹残留深度大于原深度 75% 时，可通过专业修补恢复使用性能。主流修补方式分为三种：
Minor damage such as nail holes and local scratches can be repaired professionally when the remaining tread depth is more than 75% of the original. There are three mainstream repair methods:
① 胶条外补
无需拆胎，快速修补胎冠穿刺损伤，性价比高；缺点为密封性一般，长期易渗水老化。
Rubber Plug Repair: Quick external repair for crown puncture without tyre dismounting, low cost but poor long-term sealing.
② 冷补内补
拆胎打磨内侧，粘贴专用补片，密封性强、耐用性好；维修后必须做动平衡，适合胎冠、胎肩小型损伤。
Cold Patch Repair: Grind the inner tyre and paste special patches with good air tightness and durability. Dynamic balancing is required after repair, suitable for small damage on crown and shoulder.
③ 热补（火补）
高温硫化贴合修补材料，强度高、耐用性强，多用于工程胎、卡客车胎及胎侧破损修补。
Hot Vulcanizing Repair: Adopt high-temperature vulcanization with high strength and durability, widely used for truck, bus and off-road tyre sidewall repair.
修补禁忌： 胎侧破损超 1cm、大面积撕裂、胎圈损伤、帘布层断裂的轮胎，禁止修补，必须直接更换，杜绝安全隐患。
Repair Taboos: Tyres with sidewall damage over 1cm, large-area tearing, bead damage and cord breakage shall not be repaired and must be replaced directly.
2. 轮胎翻新 Tyre Retreading
轮胎翻新是对胎体完好、结构合格的旧轮胎，重新打磨、硫化、更换胎面胶的循环利用工艺，属于节能环保的成熟产业。翻新轮胎仅消耗新胎 30% 左右的原材料与成本，可有效节约橡胶、钢丝、炭黑等资源。
Tyre retreading is a recycling process to re-polish, vulcanize and replace tread rubber for old tyres with intact carcass. It is an environmentally friendly industry. Retreaded tyres only consume about 30% of raw materials and cost of new tyres.
子午线钢丝胎可翻新 4–6 次，翻新后载重轮胎里程可达 15 万公里以上；国家法规明确要求翻新轮胎必须标注「RETREAD」翻新标识，规范生产与使用标准。
Steel radial tyres can be retreaded 4 to 6 times, and the mileage of retreaded truck tyres can exceed 150,000 km. National regulations stipulate that retreaded tyres must be marked with "RETREAD" for standardized management.
结语 Conclusion
规范的轮胎日常检查、科学充气、定期换位、动平衡与四轮定位，搭配合理的升级改装与专业修补翻新，是延长轮胎寿命、降低运营成本、保障行车安全的关键。
Standard tyre daily inspection, scientific inflation, regular rotation, dynamic balancing and four-wheel alignment, combined with reasonable upgrading, professional repair and retreading, are the keys to extending tyre life, reducing operating costs and ensuring driving safety.
